ABSTRACT
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Tetrapluera tetraptera using aqueous and ethanolic extract was studied. The leave was observed to be highly rich in polyphenols, flavonoid, reducing compounds and alkaloids. Glycosides, saponins and tanins were present in small amount, there was absence of Phlobotanins, anthraquinones and hydroxyl methyl anthraquinones. In order to confirm the exact concentration of the Phytochemicals present in the leave of T. tetraptera, a GCMS analysis was carried out which revealed the presence of 14 components. Alkaloids had the highest Phytochemical of 21.67%, followed by Terpenes (14.56%), Phytate (12.39%) Tanins (10.08%). Compounds also present were Flavonoid, phenol, Phytosterol and Cardiac glycosides which were moderately high, Saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, Oxalate, Anthocyanins, Steroids and Coumarin were also present but in smaller quantity ranging from 2.34- 0.83. The antimicrobial activity was carried out using the standard disc diffusion method on 3 microorganisms. The aqueous extract inhibited Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp while the ethanolic extract had no effect on any of the test microorganisms. The highest inhibition shown on Proteus was 12.38mm. In addition, the leave contained essential elements like K (3.90), Na (4.92), CA (2.08). The leave was also rich in Vitamin A (295.72 ±0.02), Vitamin C (34.60±0.01). Other vitamins present were Riboflavin, thiamin and niacin. The results confirmed that the leave extracts of T. tetraptera can be harnessed for therapy of diseases associated with these pathogens.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TitlePage
Title Pagei
Declarationii
Certificationiii
Dedicationiv
Acknowledgementsv
Abstractvi
Table of Contentsvii
List of Tablesxi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Introduction1
Aim and objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The history of medicinal plant6
2.2 Medicinal plants in Africa 7
2.3 Drug resistance by human pathogens 10
2.4 Phytochemical properties of Tetrapluera tetraptera 11
2.5 BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
2.5.1 Saponin11
2.5.2 flavonin 12
2.5.3 Tanins13
2.5.4 Phenolics16
2.5.5 Alkaloids17
2.5.6 Terpenes18
2.6 Mechanism of action of phytochemicals18
2.7 Safety concerns of phytochemicals19
2.8 Medicinal Plant used in the study20
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection of study plant25
3.2 Collection and identification of Clinical Isolates25
3.3 Preparation of Media25
3.4 Preparation of leave sample26
3.5 Gram Staining27
3.6 Physiological tests28
3.6.1 Catalase Test28
3.6.2 Coagulase Test28
3.6.3 Citrate Test29
3.6.4 Oxidase Test29
3.6.5 Motility test30
3.7 Phytochemical screening 30
3.7.1 Test for tannins30
3.7.2 Test for alkaloids30
3.7.3 Test For Saponins31
3.7.4 Test for Tannins31
3.7.5 Test for reducing compounds31
3.8 Determination of vitamins33
3.8.1 Determination of vitamin A33
3.8.2 Determination of vitamin C33
3.8.3 Determination of Riboflavin34
3.8.4 Determination of Thaimine34
3.8.5 Determination of Niacin35
3.9 Estimation of mineral elements35
3.9.1 Preparation of Samples35
3.9.2 Zinc35
3.9.3 Iron 36
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT 38
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION
5.1 Discussion51
5.2 Summary and Conclusion53
5.3 Recommendation 54
REFFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLE
Table TitlePage
Medicinal plant studied41
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leave of T.tetraptera42
Quantitative estimation of crude phytochemical components of the leave of
T. tetraptera43
Characterization identification of bacteria isolates44
Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of T. tetraptera45
Anti- Nutrient composition of leaves of T. tetraptera46
Proximate composition of Uyayak ( Tetrapluera tetraptera) 47
Percentage of vitamins in the leaves of T.tetraptera48
Elemental composition of leaves of T. tetraptera 49
GCMS analysis of the phytochemical components of the leave of T. tetraptera. 50
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. TITLE. PAGE
1 Structure of Saponin. 12
2. Structures of some Flavonoid. 13
3a. Structures of Hydrolysable Tannins. 14
3b. Structures of Condensed Tannins. 15
4. Structures of some Phenolics. 16
5. Structures of Some Alkaloids. 18
6. GCMS analysis of phytochemical components of the leave of T. tetraptera. 51
